![]() A comma sometimes (but not always) appears between ‘ibid.’ and a following page number or other indicator of location, so the relevant guidelines should always be consulted. ‘Ibid.’ should only be used if the reference and other information intended are absolutely clear if there is any potential for confusing the reader, it should be avoided. Because the abbreviation means ‘in that very place,’ it must be used with great care: only if everything about the second citation is exactly the same as the first can it be used alone, and any information that differs must be provided along with ‘ibid.’ (e.g., ‘ibid., p.8’ for referring to the same author and title but a different page). It is used instead of repeating bibliographical information when a source is cited again immediately (without any intervening references) after it has been cited in the preceding note or in the preceding sentence within a note. ![]() The abbreviation ‘ibid.’ is short for the Latin word ‘ibidem,’ which means ‘in the same place’ or ‘in that very place.’ It usually appears in roman font, but italic font is sometimes used or required, and it is occasionally shortened even further to ‘ib.’ The use of this abbreviation now tends to be restricted to footnote and endnote references, particularly in the humanities and almost exclusively when guidelines call for it rather than as an author choice. ‘Ibid.’ and the ‘id.’ group are abbreviations of this kind, and their meanings are very specific, so a little advice on using them correctly may prove helpful. Yet academics and scientists working in certain fields are nonetheless required to employ such abbreviations on occasion, and researchers and students still encounter them while consulting earlier sources. ![]() Those which continue to be used relatively frequently in modern scholarship (‘et al.’ is a good example) tend to be clear to readers familiar with academic or scientific writing, but a few Latin abbreviations once common in references are now used so rarely and by so few scholarly publishers that correct patterns of usage and even their meanings have become clouded. ![]() Latin abbreviations used to be much more common in scholarly references than they are today, but some still appear in citations and notes. A Few Latin Abbreviations for References: ‘Ibid.’ and the ‘Id.’ Group
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